tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34535747830404433262011-09-04T23:44:06.616-07:00ohmhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18043387074339236245noreply@blogger.comBlogger11100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3453574783040443326.post-18933938709398922962011-08-28T06:30:00.001-07:002011-08-28T06:30:47.642-07:00 <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Seção 2</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">NATUREZA, PRESSUPOSTOS E DESENVOLVIMENTO DA DOMINAÇÃO BUROCRÁTICA</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">funcionamento específico da burocracia moderna. - A posição do funcionário.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">- Pressupostos e fenômenos concomitantes da burocratização: </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">1) </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na área financeira e na</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da economia monetária, 2) desdobramento quantitativo das tarefas administrativas,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">3) transfor<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mações qualitativas destas, 4) superioridade técnica da organização burocrática,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">5) concentração dos meios administrativos, 6) nivelamento das diferenças sociais.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">- Caráter permanente do aparato burocrático. - Conseqüências econômicas e sociais</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da burocrat<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ização. - Posição de poder da burocracia. - Processo de desenvolvimento</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da estrutura de dominação racional burocrática. - "Racionalização" da formação e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">educação.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O funcionamento específico do funcionalismo moderno manifesta-se da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">forma seguinte:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">L Rege o princípio das </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">competências </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">oficiais fixas, ordenadas, de forma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">geral, mediante regras: leis ou regulamentos administrativos, isto é: </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">1) </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">existe uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">distribuição fixa das atividades regularmente necessárias para realizar os fins do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">complexo burocraticamente dominado, como deveres oficiais; 2) os poderes de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mando, necessários para cumprir estes deveres, estão também fixamente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">distribuídos, e os meios coativos (físicos, sacros ou outros) que eventualmente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">podem empregar estão também fi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">xamente delimitados por regras; 3) para o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cumprimento regular e contínuo dos deveres assim distribuídos e o exercício dos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">direitos correspondentes criam-se providências planejadas, contratando pessoas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">com qualificação regulamentada de forma geral.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> E SOCIEDADE </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">199</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Estes três fatores constituem, na dominação baseada no direito público, a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">existência de uma </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">autoridade </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocrática, e na dominação da economia privada,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a de uma "empresa" burocrática. Nesse sentido, essa instituição dentro das comunidades</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">políticas e eclesiásticas somente chega a estar plenamente desenvolvida</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">no Estado moderno e, dentro da economia privada, somente nas formas mais</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">avançadas do capitalismo. Mesmo em formações políticas tão extensas quanto as</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do antigo Oriente, bem como nos r<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">einos de conquistadores germânicos e mongóis</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e em muitas formações estatais feudais, autoridades contínuas com competência</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fixa não constituem a regra, mas a exceção. Nelas, precisamente as medidas mais</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">importantes o soberano manda realizar por homens de c<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">onfiança pessoal, comensais</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ou servidores da Corte, com autorizações e encargos temporários estabelecidos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">para o caso concreto, e não fixamente delimitados.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">II. Rege o princípio da </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">hierarquia de cargos </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e da seqüência de instâncias,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">isto é, um sistema fixam<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ente regulamentado de mando e subordinação das autoridades,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">com fiscalização das inferiores pelas superiores - sistema que oferece,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ao mesmo tempo, ao dominado a possibilidade fixamente regulamentada de apelar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de uma autoridade inferior à instância superio<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">r desta. Quando o tipo está</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">plenamente desenvolvido, essa hierarquia de cargos está monocraticamente organizada.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O princípio da seqüência de instâncias hierárquica é encontrado tanto</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em formações estatais e eclesiásticas quanto em todas as demais formações burocráticas,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como, por exemplo, grandes organizações de partido e grandes empresas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">privadas, podendo-se também chamar ou não "autoridades" as instâncias privadas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">destas. Mas, quando<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> está plenamente realizado o princípio de "competências",</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a subordinação hierárquica, pelo menos nos cargos públicos, não equivale</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à autorização da instância "superior" para encarregar-se simplesmente dos assuntos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">das "inferiores". O contrário constitui a <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">regra, e, por isso, no caso de ficar</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vago um cargo estabelecido, sua preocupação é inevitável.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">III. A administração moderna baseia-se em documentos (atas), cujo original</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ou rascunho se guarda, e em um quadro de funcionários subalternos e escrivães</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de todas<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> as espécies. O conjunto dos funcionários que trabalham numa instituição</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administrativa e também o aparato correspondente de objetos e documentos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">constituem um "escritório". A moderna organização administrativa separa, por</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">princípio, o escritório da moradi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a privada, distinguindo em geral a atividade</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">oficial, como área especial, da esfera da vida privada, e os recursos monetários e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">outros meios oficiais da propriedade privada do funcionário. Esta é uma situação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que por toda parte é produto de um longo desenv<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">olvimento. Hoje a encontramos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tanto nas empresas públicas quanto naquelas da economia privada, estendendose</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nestas últimas, também, ao empresário dirigente. Escritório e residência, correspondência</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">comercial e privada, patrimônio da empresa e privado estão<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">, em princípio,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">separados, e isto tanto mais quanto mais conseqüentemente se impôs o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tipo moderno da gestão comercial - os primeiros passos encontramos já na Idade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Média. Como qualidade especial do empresário moderno, pode-se constatar,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">portanto, o fato de<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> ele atuar como "primeiro funcionário" de sua empresa, do</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mesmo modo que o soberano de um Estado modema especificamente burocrático</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">referia-se a si como "primeiro servidor" deste. A idéia de considerar a atividade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">200 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de escritório estatal e a da economia privada algo diferente em sua essência é</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">própria da Europa continental e, em contraste, totalmente alheia aos americanos.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">IV. A atividade oficial, pelo menos toda atividade oficial especializada - e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">esta é o especifica<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mente moderno -, pressupõe, em regra, uma intensa instrução</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na matéria. Também isso se aplica, cada vez mais, aos dirigentes e empregados</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">modernos das empresas da economia privada, do mesmo modo que aos funcionários</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estatais.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">V. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Quando o cargo está plename<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nte desenvolvido, a atividade oficial requer</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o emprego da plena força de trabalho do funcionário, independentemente da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">circunstância de que o tempo de trabalho obrigatório no escritório pode estar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fixamente delimitado. Esta situação, como caso normal, é ta<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mbém produto de um</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">longo desenvolvimento, tanto nos cargos públicos quanto naqueles da economia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">privada. O caso normal era antigamente, ao contrário, a realização "acessória"</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dessas atividades.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">VI. A administração dos funcionários realiza-se de acordo com <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">regras gerais,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mais ou menos fixas e mais ou menos abrangentes, que podem ser aprendidas.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O conhecimento destas regras constitui, por isso, uma arte especial (conhecimentos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">jurídicos, administrativos, contábeis) que é posse dos funcionários.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A vinculação d<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a administração moderna a regras está tão profundamente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">arraigada na natureza desta que a teoria científica moderna supõe, por exemplo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que a autorização, concedida legalmente a uma instituição pública, a regulamentar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">determinados assuntos mediante suas di<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sposições não implica o direito desta</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de regulamentar, mediante ordens específicas, cada caso especial, mas somente a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">regulamentação num nível abstrato - contraste extremo, como ainda veremos,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">com o tipo de regulamentação que predomina, por exemplo, no pat<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">riarcalismo e</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que ordena todas as relações não estabelecidas na tradição sagrada, mediante</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">privilégios individuais e concessão de graça.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Para a posição interna e externa dos funcionários, tudo isto tem as conseqüências</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">seguintes:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">I. O cargo é </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">profissão. </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Isto se manifesta, em primeiro lugar, na exigência de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma formação fixamente prescrita, que na maioria dos casos requer o emprego</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da plena força de trabalho por um período prolongado, e em exames específicos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">prescritos, de forma geral, como pressupostos da<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> nomeação. Além disso, manifesta-</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">se no caráter de dever do cargo do funcionário, caráter que determina, da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">forma seguinte, a estrutura interna de suas relações: a ocupação de um cargo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">juridicamente e de fato, não é considerada equivalente à posse de uma <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fonte de</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rendas ou emolumentos explorável em troca do cumprimento de determinados</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">deveres - como era o caso, em regra, na Idade Média, e muitas vezes até em</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tempos mais recentes -, nem uma troca normal, remunerada, de determinados</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">serviços, como ocorre no <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">caso do livre contrato de trabalho. Mas sim, ao contrário,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a ocupação de um cargo, também na economia privada, é considerada equivalente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aceitação de um específico </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dever de fidelidade </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ao cargo, em troca de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma existência assegurada. Decisivo para o carát<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">er específico da fidelidade ao</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cargo moderna é o fato de que ela, em seu tipo puro, não estabelece - como</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ocorre, por exemplo, na relação de dominação feudal ou patrimonial - uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">relação com uma pessoa, </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">maneira da fidelidade de um vassalo ou discípulo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">E<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">CONOMIA E SOCIEDADE </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">201</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mas se destina a uma </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">finalidade </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">impessoal, </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">objetiva. </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Atrás desta finalidade objetiva</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">costumam encontrar-se, naturalmente, para transfigurá-la ideologicamente e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como sucedâneo do senhor pessoal mundano ou supramundano, "idéias de val<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ores</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">culturais", imaginadas para serem realizadas numa comunidade: "Estado", "igreja",</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"comunidade", "partido", "empresa". O funcionário político, por exemplo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pelo menos no Estado moderno plenamente desenvolvido, não é considerado</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">um servidor pessoal de u<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">m soberano. Também o bispo, o sacerdote, o pregador</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">deixaram de ser, hoje em dia, o que eram nos tempos cristãos primitivos: o portador</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de um carisma puramente pessoal, cujos bens de salvação supramundanos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dispensa, por encargo daquele senhor e, em princíp<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">io, somente responsável diante</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">deste, a toda pessoa que lhe parece digna e aspira a estes bens. Mas sim, ao</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contrário, apesar da subsistência parcial da antiga teoria, ele veio a ser um funcionário</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a serviço de uma finalidade objetiva, que na "igreja" atual foi ao mesmo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tempo objetivada e ideologicamente transfigurada.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">II. A posição </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pessoa/do </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">funcionário assume, nessas condições, a seguinte forma:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">1) </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Também o funcionário moderno, seja o público, seja<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> o privado, aspira</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sempre </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estima social </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"estamental", especificamente alta, por parte dos dominados,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e quase sempre desfruta desta. Sua posição social está garantida por prescrições</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">referentes </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ordem hierárquica e, no caso dos funcionários políticos, po<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">r</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">disposições penais especiais relativas a "ofensas a funcionários", "desprestígio"</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de autoridades estatais e eclesiásticas, etc. A posição social efetiva dos funcionários</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">é mais alta, em regra, em países de cultura antiga, onde existe grande necessidade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">d<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e uma administração especificamente instruída, havendo, ao mesmo tempo,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma diferenciação social forte e estável e recrutando-se a maioria dos funcionários,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em virtude da distribuição do poder social ou do alto custo da instrução</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">específica prescrita e das<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> convenções estamentais compromissórias, das camadas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">social e economicamente privilegiadas. A influência dos certificados de formação,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a ser examinada noutro lugar, a cuja posse costuma estar vinculada a qualificação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">para exercer um cargo, aumenta, como é <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">natural, a importância do elemento</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"estamental" na posição social dos funcionários. Este elemento encontra</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em alguns casos - assim, no exército alemão - um reconhecimento expresso,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">impressionante, no regulamento de que a admissão ao grupo dos candidatos </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">carreira de funcionário público depende do consentimento ("eleição") por parte</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do corpo dos funcionários nomeados (oficiais). Fenômenos semelhantes, favoráveis</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ao isolamento do funcionalismo, à maneira de uma corporação, surgem tipicamente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na base do funci<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">onalismo patrimonial, especialmente o de prebendados,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do passado. Tentativas de fazê-lo ressurgir em forma modificada não são raras no</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">funcionalismo moderno, tendo certa importância, por exemplo, nas reivindicações</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos funcionários especializados fortement<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e proletarizados </span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Ctretj element)</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">durante a Revolução Russa (de 1905).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Os funcionários costumam encontrar pouca estima social particularmente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">onde - como ocorre freqüentemente em territórios recém-colonizados -, em</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">v<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">irtude das extensas possibilidades aquisitivas e da grande instabilidade das camadas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sociais, estão muito pouco desenvolvidas tanto a necessidade de uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administração especificamente instruída quanto a dominação de convenções</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estamentais. Assim, particular<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mente nos Estados Unidos.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">202 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">2) O tipo puro do funcionário burocrático é </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nomeado </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por uma instância</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">superior. Um funcionário eleito pelos dominados deixa de ser uma figura puramente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocrática. Naturalmente, a existência formal de uma eleição não significa,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">necessariamente, que atrás desta não se esconda uma nomeação: dentro do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Estado, esta é, sobretudo, efetuada pelos chefes de partido. Se ocorre ou não,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">não depende das disposições <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do direito público, mas da forma em que funcionam</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">os mecanismos dos partidos, os quais, onde estão firmemente organizados,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">podem transformar a eleição formalmente livre numa mera aclamação de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">um candidato designado pelo chefe de partido ou, o que ocorre re<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">gularmente,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">numa luta, realizada segundo determinadas regras, pelos votos em favor de um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos dois candidatos designados. Em todas as circunstâncias, porém, a nomeação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos funcionários mediante uma eleição por parte dos dominados modifica o rigor</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da subordi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nação hierárquica. Um funcionário nomeado mediante a eleição dos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dominados, diante dos funcionários superiores na seqüêncía das instâncias, ocupa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sempre, em princípio, uma posição autônoma, pois esta não se deriva "de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cima", mas sim "de baixo", ou pelo men<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">os não lhe foi proporcionada pela instância</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">superior da hierarquia oficial, mas sim pelos poderosos de seu partido, que</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">também determinam sua futura carreira. Em sua carreira, ele não depende, ou</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pelo menos não em primeiro lugar, de seus superiores dentro <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do serviço administrativo.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O funcionário não-eleito, mas nomeado por um senhor, costuma funcionar,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do ponto de vista puramente técnico, com maior exatidão, porque, sendo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">iguais as demais circunstâncias, é mais provável que qualidades e aspectos puramente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">técnicos determinem sua seleção e futura carreira. Os dominados, como</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">leigos, somente podem julgar o grau de qualificação técnica de um candidato a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">um cargo pelas experiências feitas com ele, isto é, posteriormente. Sobretudo os</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">partidos, como corresponde <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à sua natureza, costumam considerar decisivos não</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aspectos técnicos, mas os serviços fiéis prestados ao chefe de partido, em toda</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">espécie de nomeação de funcionários mediante eleição - seja na designação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">para a lista de candidatos, por parte do chefe de pa<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rtido, de funcionários a serem</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">eleitos de modo formalmente livre, seja na nomeação livre por parte do chefe</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que, por sua vez, foi eleito. No entanto, o contraste é relativo, pois acontece algo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">essencialmente igual onde monarcas legítimos e seus subordinado<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">s nomeiam os</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">funcionários; porém, neste caso, </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">é </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mais difícil controlar as influências exercidas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pelas relações de fidelidade. Onde é ou vem a ser grande a necessidade de uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administração tecnicamente instruída, como agora também nos Estados Unidos, e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">onde<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> os membros dos partidos têm que contar com uma "opinião pública" intelectualmente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">muito desenvolvida e livremente manifesta (opinião que, no entanto,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">falta nos Estados Unidos em todos os lugares onde o elemento imigrante das</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cidades funciona como mera "ma<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ssa de votos"), a nomeação de funcionários nãoqualificados</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">limita-se ao partido vencedor nas eleições, e isto particularmente,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como é natural, quando os funcionários são nomeados pelo chefe. Por isso, a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">eleição popular não apenas do chefe administrativo, c<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">omo também de seus funcionários</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">subordinados, além de debilitar a dependência hierárquica, costuma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ameaçar fortemente, pelo menos em corpos administrativos grandes e difíceis de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">controlar, a qualificação técnica dos funcionários e o funcionamento preciso d<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mecanismo burocrático. Eram notórias, nos Estados Unidos, a qualificação e a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA E SOCIEDADE </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">203</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">integridade superiores dos juízes federais nomeados pelo presidente, em comparação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aos juízes eleitos, embora ambos os tipos de funcionários fossem sele<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cionados,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em primeiro lugar, segundo considerações ligadas a partidos. Ao contrário,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">as grandes transformações, reivindicadas pelos reformistas, da administração</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">municipal das grandes cidades partiram, nos Estados Unidos, em sua grande maioria,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mayors </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">eleitos que trabalhavam com um aparato de funcionários por eles</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nomeado </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">- isto é, de modo "cesarista". A eficiência do "cesarismo", que muitas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vezes se desenvolve a partir da democracia, como forma de organização da dominação,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fundamenta-se, do ponto de vi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sta técnico, na posição do "césar" como</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">homem de confiança das massas (do exército ou dos cidadãos), livre e desvinculado</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da tradição, e precisamente por isso, como chefe ilimitado de um quadro de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">oficiais e funcionários altamente qualificados, selecionado<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">s por ele mesmo com</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">toda liberdade e sem consideração pela tradição e por outros compromissos. Mas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">esta "dominação do gênio pessoal" está em contradição com o princípio formalmente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"democrático" do funcionalismo eletivo em todos os níveis.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">3) Existe, em ge<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ral, pelo menos nas formações burocráticas públicas e nas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">afins, mas também cada vez mais em outras formações, a </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vitaliciedade do cargo,</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que é considerada a regra efetiva mesmo onde há demissões ou reconfirmações</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">periódicas. Também, na empresa privada, ist<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o costuma caracterizar o funcionário,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em oposição ao trabalhador. Mas esta vitaliciedade jurídica e efetiva não constitui,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como em muitas formas de dominação do passado, um "direito de posse" do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">funcionário, em relação ao cargo. Mas, onde surgiram garantia<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">s jurídicas contra o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">afastamento do cargo ou a transferência para outro, arbitrariamente realizados como,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">entre nós, para todos os funcionários judiciais e também, em extensão</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">crescente, para os administrativos -, estas têm unicamente o fim de oferecer</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> garantia do cumprimento rigorosamente objetivo, isenta de considerações</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pessoais, dos deveres específicos do cargo em questão. Dentro da burocracia, a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">extensão da "independência" conferida por aquelas garantias jurídicas é, raras</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vezes, fonte de um aument<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o da estima convencional do funcionário assim assegurado.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Quase sempre, ocorre o contrário, especialmente em comunidades de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cultura antiga e diferenciação social, pois quanto mais rigorosa é a sujeição </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">arbitrariedade do senhor, tanto melhor garante ela a<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> conservação do estilo senhorial</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">convencional da condução da vida, e por isso pode aumentar a estima convencional</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos funcionários, precisamente em conseqüência da ausência daquelas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">garantias jurídicas, do mesmo modo que aumentou, na Idade Média, a estima dos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ministeriais à custa dos livres, e a do juiz real à custa do juiz popular. Entre nós,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o oficial e o funcionário administrativo podem ser afastados do cargo, em parte,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em qualquer<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> momento, e, em parte, com maior facilidade do que o juiz "independente",</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que nem mesmo pela ofensa mais grossa, por exemplo, do "código de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honra" ou de convenções sociais do "salão" perderá seu cargo. Mas, precisamente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por isso, o "nível social" do juiz, <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sendo iguais as demais circunstâncias, é, do</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ponto de vista daquela camada senhorial, mais baixo do que o daqueles funcionários</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cuja maior dependência do senhor constitui uma garantia mais firme de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma condução da vida "socialmente" adequada. Como é natura<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">l, a média dos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">próprios funcionários aspira a um "direito de funcionários", que, além de garantir</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a segurança material na velhice, aumente também as garantias contra a demissão</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">204 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">arbitrária do cargo. No entanto, esta aspiração tem seus limites.<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> Um desenvolvimento</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">muito acentuado do "direito ao cargo" naturalmente dificulta a ocupação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos cargos, segundo critérios técnicos, além de diminuir as oportunidades de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ascensão de candidatos aplicados. Esta circunstância e, sobretudo, a tendência a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">prefer<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ir a dependência de seus iguais àquela dos dominados socialmente inferiores</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">trazem consigo que os funcionários, em geral, não sentem como algo opressivo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a dependência "de cima". O atual movimento conservador entre os clérigos de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Baden, motivado pelo medo d<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a suposta separação iminente entre Estado e "Igreja",</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">apresenta-se abertamente como condicionado pelo desejo de não se transformar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"do senhor da paróquia no servidor dela".</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">4) O funcionário costuma receber uma </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">remuneração, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em forma de um </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">salá</span></span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rio</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quase semp<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">re fixo, e assistência' para a velhice, em forma de uma pensão.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O salário não se calcula, em princípio, segundo o rendimento, mas segundo considerações</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"estamentais", isto é, a natureza das funções (o "nível") e, além disso,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">eventualmente, segundo o tempo <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de serviço. A segurança relativamente alta da</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">subsistência do funcionário e também a recompensa que representa a estima</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">social fazem com que, em países que deixaram de oferecer oportunidades aquisitivas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">coloniais, os cargos públicos sejam muito concorridos, o que permite salários</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">relativamente baixos na maioria dos cargos.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">5) O funcionário, de acordo com a ordem hierárquica das autoridades, percorre</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">carreira, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos cargos inferiores, menos importantes e<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> menos bem pagos,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">até os superiores. A média dos funcionários, como é natural, aspira a uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fixação relativamente mecânica das condições de ascensão, se não nos próprios</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cargos, pelo menos nos níveis salariais, segundo o tempo de serviço. Eventualmente,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nu<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">m sistema muito desenvolvido de exames específicos, toma-se em consideração</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a nota deste exame, a qual constitui, de fato, em alguns lugares, um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">character indelebi/is, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vitaliciamente vigente, do funcionário. Em conexão com o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pretendido fortalecimento do di<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">reito ao cargo e com a tendência crescente à</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">organização estamental e segurança econômica dos funcionários, este desenvolvimento</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tende a tratar os cargos como "prebendas" dos qualificados por diplomas.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A necessidade de tomar em consideração a qualificação <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pessoal e intelectual geral,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">independentemente da qualidade muitas vezes subalterna do diploma de formação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">técnica, conduziu, precisamente no caso dos cargos políticos mais altos, particularmente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">os de "ministro", à nomeação independente, em princípio, de <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">diplomas.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Os pressupostos sociais e econômicos desta forma modema do cargo são</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">os seguintes:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">1) </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Desenvolvimento da </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">economia monetária, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na medida em que os funcionários,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como ocorre hoje na maioria dos casos, recebem sua remuneração em</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dinheiro. Esta é de g<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rande importância para os hábitos gerais da burocracia, mas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de modo algum é o único fator decisivo para sua existência. Os exemplos históricos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quantitativamente mais importantes de um burocratismo claramente desenvolvido</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">até certo grau são os seguintes: a)<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> o Egito na época do Novo Império,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">porém com tendências fortemente patrimoniais; b) o principado romano tardio,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mas especialmente a monarquia diocleciana e a forma estatal bizantina, desenvolvidas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a partir deste, porém com fortes tendências feudais e patrimoniais;</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA E SOCIEDADE </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">205</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">c) a Igreja Católica Romana, crescentemente desde o fim do século XIII; d) a China,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">desde os tempos de Shi Hoang Ti até o presente, porém com forte tendência patrimonial</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e prebendal; e) de forma cada vez mais pura, o Estado europeu moderno</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e crescentemente todas as corporações públicas, desde o desenvolvimento do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">absolutismo principesco; </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">f) </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a grande empresa capitalista moderna, e isto tanto</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mais quanto maior e mais complicada esta fica. O modelo histórico de todas as</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocracias posteriores - o Novo Império no Egito - é, ao mesmo tempo, um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos mais grandiosos exemplos de uma organização ba<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">seada numa economia nãomonetária.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">No entanto, esta coincidência explica-se por condições especiais, pois,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em geral, precisamente as consideráveis restrições que se devem fazer, ao incluir</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aquelas formações no burocratismo, estão condicionadas pela economia<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> nãomonetária.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Certo grau de desenvolvimento de uma economia monetária é o pressuposto</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">normal, senão para a criação, pelo menos para a subsistência inalterada</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">das administrações puramente burocráticas, pois sem ela, como mostra a experiência</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">histórica, dif<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">icilmente pode ser evitado que a estrutura burocrática mude fortemente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em sua natureza interna ou até seja substituída por outra. Já a atribuição</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de emolumentos fixos em espécie, a partir das reservas nos armazéns do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">senhor ou de suas receitas em espécie c<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">orrentes, tal como reinou durante milhares</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de anos no Egito e na China e também desempenhava um papel importante</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na monarquia romana tardia e por outra parte, significa, facilmente, o primeiro</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">passo em direção à apropriação das fontes tributárias e de seu <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">desfrute, como</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">propriedade privada, por parte dos funcionários. Os emolumentos em espécie</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">protegem o funcionário contra as oscilações, freqüentemente muito bruscas, do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">poder aquisitivo do dinheiro. Mas quando as receitas baseadas em impostos pagos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em espéc<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ie entram irregularmente, o que ocorre sempre, num sistema tributário</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">deste tipo, o funcionário, autorizado ou não, ao diminuir o poder senhorial</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dirige-se diretamente aos contribuintes de seu âmbito de poder. Surge, então, a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">idéia de proteger o funcionário contra aquelas oscilações, mediante a modificação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ou transferência das contribuições - e, com isto, do poder tributário - ou</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mediante a cessão de terras aproveitáveis, pertencentes ao senhor, para o uso</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pessoal do funcionári<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o, e todo poder central não rigorosamente organizado tende</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a seguir este caminho, voluntariamente ou forçado pelos funcionários. Isto</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pode realizar-se de tal modo que o funcionário fique com o equivalente de sua</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pretensão salarial e entregue o excedente ou<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> - já que esta prática encerra certas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tentações e, por isso, quase sempre acaba em resultados insatisfatórios para o senhor</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">- de tal modo que o funcionário tenha "obrigações fixas", como aconteceu muitas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vezes nos inícios do funcionalismo alemão e, em maio<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">r escala, em todas as satrapias</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do Oriente: o funcionário entrega uma quantia fixa e fica com o excedente.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Neste caso, sua situação econõmica é quase igual àquela de um empresário</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que trabalha com meios de produção arrendados, e às vezes existem relações</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">r<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">egulares de arrendamento de cargos, até com cessão pelo maior lance. Na esfera</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da economia privada, a transformação do regime de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vilicos </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">numa relação de arrendamento</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">é um dos mais importantes dos numerosos exemplos. Dessa maneira,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o senhor pode, sobretudo,<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> descarregar no funcionário arrendatário, especificamente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">naquele com "obrigações fixas", o trabalho de transformar as receitas em</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">espécie em dinheiro. Assim, manifestamente, ocorreu com alguns sátrapas orien206</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tais da Antiguidade. Particularmen<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">te, o arrendamento da arrecadação de impostos,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em vez de sua realização pelo governo, servia para este fim. Daí resulta,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sobretudo, a possibilidade de um progresso muito importante na organização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">financeira, em direção ao sistema de orçamento, isto é: em v<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ez do "viver ao deusdará",</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">típico de todas as fases primitivas de administração pública com suas receitas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">imprevisíveis, pode-se estabelecer um orçamento fixo das receitas e, conseqüentemente,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">também das despesas. Por outro lado, renuncia-se, neste caso, a<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">controle e ao pleno aproveitamento da capacidade tributária em benefício do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">senhor, e, dependendo do grau de liberdade concedida ao funcionário ou arrendatário</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de cargo ou de impostos, a conservação desta capacidade pode estar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ameaçada por uma exploração desconsiderada, porque um capitalista não tem</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nela um interesse tão duradouro quanto o senhor. Contra este perigo, este último</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">procura proteger-se mediante regulamentos. Por isso, a forma do arrendamento</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ou da transferência dos <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tributos pode ser muito diversa, e, dependendo da relação</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de força entre o senhor e o arrendatário, pode impor-se ou o interesse do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">último na livre exploração da capacidade tributária dos dominados ou o interesse</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do senhor na continuidade desta capacidade.<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> Essencialmente na ação conjunta e</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contrária dos seguintes motivos, já mencionados (eliminação da oscilação das</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">receitas, possibilidade de um orçamento, garantia da capacidade tributária dos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">súditos mediante a proteção contra a exploração desmesurada, cont<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">role das receitas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do arrendatário com o fim da apropriação do máximo possível por parte do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Estado), fundamenta-se, por exemplo, a forma do sistema de arrendamento de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">impostos no reino ptolemaico, sistema em que o arrendatário continua sendo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como na antiga<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> Grécia e em Roma, um capitalista privado, realizando-se, porém,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a arrecadação dos impostos de modo burocrático e sob controle estatal e consistindo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o lucro do arrendatário somente numa participação nos eventuais excedentes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de seu arrendamento, que na verd<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ade é uma quantia de garantia, e seu risco,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na possibilidade de as receitas tributárias ficarem inferiores àquela quantia.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A concepção puramente econômica do cargo como fonte de renda privada</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do funcionário, quando o senhor chega a precisar não apenas de r<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">eceitas correntes</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mas de capital em forma de dinheiro - por exemplo, para guerras ou para</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pagar dívidas - pode também conduzir diretamente à compra do cargo, tal como</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">existiu como instituição regular precisamente nos Estados da Época Moderna,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como no Estad<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o Pontífico, na França e na Inglaterra - e isto tanto para sinecuras</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quanto para cargos muito sérios, por exemplo, também, para patentes de oficiais,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mantendo-se remanescentes desta situação até o século XIX. Em casos isolados,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o sentido econômico dessas r<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">elações pode modificar-se até o ponto em que o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">preço de compra assume, em parte ou inteiramente, o caráter de uma fiança da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fidelidade ao cargo. Isto, porém, não constituía a regra. Mas todo tipo de cessão</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ao funcionário, para sua exploração própria, de direitos de utilização, tributos e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">serviços que cabem ao senhor como tal significa, sempre, um abandono do tipo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">puro da organização burocrática. O funcionário que se encontra nesta situação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tem um direito de <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">posse ao cargo. E este é o caso, em grau ainda mais alto,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quando a relação estabelecida entre o dever do cargo e a remuneração é tal que</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o funcionário não entrega nada das receitas obtidas mediante os objetos que lhe</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">foram cedidos, mas dispõe destes exclus<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ivamente para seus fins privados, prestando</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA E SOCIEDADE </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">207</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em compensação ao senhor serviços de caráter pessoal ou religioso. Nos casos da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">atribuição vitalícia de receitas de alguma forma materialmente fixadas ou da exploração</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">essencialmente </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">econ<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ômica </span></span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de terras ou outras fontes de renda, como</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">remuneração pelo cumprimento de deveres de cargo reais ou fictícios, a cuja</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">garantia econômica estes bens são </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">permanentemente </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">destinados por parte do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">senhor, falaremos de "prebendas" e de organização burocrát<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ica </span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">prebendal. </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A transição</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">entre esta situação e o funcionalismo assalariado é gradual. De caráter</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"prebendal" era, quase sempre, na Antiguidade e na Idade Média, mas também,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em parte, na Época Moderna, a dotação econômica dos sacerdotes, mas a mesma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">forma<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> encontramos em quase todas as épocas, também, noutras áreas. No direito</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sacro chinês, o específico caráter "prebendal" de todos os cargos tem a conseqüência</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de que a abstenção do desfrute da propriedade, prescrita durante o tempo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ritual de luto pelo pai e<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> outras autoridades domésticas (originalmente por causa</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da malevolência do chefe de família falecido, a quem esta propriedade pertencera),</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">obriga o enlutado a renunciar a seu cargo, o qual era considerado, do ponto</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de vista puramente prebendal, uma fonte d<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e renda. Mais um passo no</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">distanciamento da pura burocracia assalariada é dado pela prática de conceder</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">não apenas direitos econômicos, como também direitos de mando para exercício</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">próprio, exigindo-se, como contraprestação, serviços </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pessoais </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">para o senhor<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">. Os</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">direitos de mando concedidos podem ser de caráter diverso, proporcionando,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por exemplo, aos funcionários políticos mais o caráter de senhores feudais ou</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mais o de autoridades administrativas. Em ambos os casos, e sem qualquer dúvida</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">no último, ocorre uma destruição total da natureza específica da organização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocrática: encontramo-nos na esfera da organização </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">feudal </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da dominação.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Todos esses tipos de atribuições de receitas em espécie ou de exploração</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de fontes de renda em espécie, c<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">omo dotação dos funcionários, têm a tendência</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a afrouxar o mecanismo burocrático, especialmente a debilitar a subordinação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">hierárquica. Esta subordinação alcança o caráter mais rigoroso na disciplina do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">funcionalismo moderno. Somente onde a sujeição dos fu<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ncionários ao senhor era</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">absoluta também em sentido puramente pessoal, isto é, no caso da administração</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por parte de escravos ou empregados tratados como se fossem escravos, podia ser</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">alcançada, pelo menos sob uma direção muito enérgica, uma precisão semel<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">hante</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">àquela que apresentam, no Ocidente da atualidade, os funcionários contratados.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Nos países com economia não-monetária da Antiguidade, os funcionários</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">egípcios, ainda que nem sempre juridicamente, são de fato escravos do faraó. Os</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">latifundiários romano<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">s confiavam a tesouraria, de preferência, a escravos, por</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">causa da possibilidade de tortura. Na China, procurava-se conseguir um efeito</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">semelhante pelo emprego freqüente do bambu como meio disciplinar. No entanto,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">as possibilidades de um efeito </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contínuo </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> meios coativos diretos são pouco</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">favoráveis. Por isso, um salário garantido em dinheiro, em conexão com a possibilidade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de uma carreira que não depende puramente do acaso e da arbitrariedade,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da disciplina e do controle enérgicos, mas que respeita o senti<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mento de dignidade,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">além do desenvolvimento de um sentimento de honra estamental e a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">possibilidade de crítica pública, oferece, segundo toda experiência, o ótimo relativo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">para o estabelecimento e a conservação de uma mecanização rigorosa do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aparato burocrá<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tico, e, sob este aspecto, ele funciona com maior segurança do</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">208 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que qualquer escravização jurídica, pois uma forte consciência estamental dos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">funcionários não apenas é compatível com a disposição </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">subordinação incondicional</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aos superiores, mas - como no caso do oficial - é conseqüência desta,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por equilibrar o sentimento de dignidade pessoal dos funcionários. O caráter</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">profissional puramente "objetivo" do cargo, com sua separação, por princípio,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">entre a esfera privada do funci<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">onário e a da atividade oficial, facilita a adaptação</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">às condições objetivas fixas dadas, de uma vez por todas, do mecanismo baseado</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em disciplina.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Portanto, ainda que o desenvolvimento pleno da economia monetária não</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">seja uma condição prévia indispensável<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> da burocratização, esta última, como estrutura</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">especificamente </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contínua, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">está vinculada a um pressuposto: a existência</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de receitas </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contínuas </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">para sua conservação. Onde quer que estas não possam</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">provir do lucro privado - como na organização burocrática das<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> grandes empresas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">modernas - ou de tributos fundiários - como nos senhorios feudais -, um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">firme sistema de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">impostos </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">é a condição prévia da existência permanente de uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administração burocrática. E para este, pelas razões gerais conhecidas, a economia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">monet<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ária plenamente desenvolvida oferece a única base segura. Por isso, o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">grau de burocratização da administração tem sido, muitas vezes, relativamente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">maior em comunidades urbanas com economia monetária plenamente desenvolvida</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do que nos Estados contemporâneo<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">s, com território muito mais extenso.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Mas, logo que estes últimos conseguiram desenvolver um sistema tributário regular,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a burocracia alcançou neles uma extensão muito maior do que nos Estadoscidade,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aos quais, enquanto seu tamanho se mantém dentro de limi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tes modestos,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">é por toda parte mais adequada a tendência </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administração plutocrática por um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">colégio de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pois a verdadeira base da burocratização da administração</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">é, desde sempre, um desenvolvimento específico das tarefas administrativas,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">implica, em primeiro lugar:</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">2) Seu desenvolvimento </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quantitativo. </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Na área política, por exemplo, constituem</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a base clássica da burocratização o grande Estado e o partido de massas.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Mas isto não significa que toda constituição historicamente conhecida de um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">grande Estado envolvesse uma administração burocrática, pois a subsistência</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">puramente temporal de um grande Estado já existente ou a homogeneidade da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cultura por esta sustentada nem sempre dependiam de uma estrutura burocrática</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">deste Estado. Mas, no império chinês, por exemplo, este era, em alto grau, o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">caso. A subsistência dos numerosos grandes impérios africanos e de estruturas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">semelhantes era efêmera, em primeiro lugar, em virtude da ausência de um aparato</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de funcionários. Do <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mesmo modo, decaiu a unidade estatal do império</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">carolíngio com a dissolução de sua organização administrativa, a qual, no entanto,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">era predominantemente de caráter patrimonial e não burocrático. Ao contrário,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do ponto de vista puramente temporal, o império<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> dos califas e seus predecessores</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em solo asiático, com sua organização administrativa essencialmente patrimonial</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e prebendal, e o Sacro Império Romano, apesar da ausência quase total de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocracia, perduravam durante longo tempo, representando, além disso<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">, uma</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">unidade </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cultural </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quase tão forte quanto aquela que costumam criar os complexos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">políticos burocráticos. E o Império Romano antigo, apesar da burocratização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">crescente, decaiu internamente precisamente durante o desenvolvimento desta,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA E SOCIEDA<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">DE </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">209</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em conseqüência da forma de distribuição dos gravames estatais ligada a ela, que</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">favorecia a economia não-monetária. No entanto, a subsistência temporal das</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">primeiras formações mencionadas, sob o aspecto da intensidade de sua unidade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">puramente </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">polít<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ica, </span></span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">constituía, essencialmente, uma união pouco estável e apenas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nominal, com caráter de um conglomerado e capacidade de ação política</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cada vez menor. Sua unidade </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cultural </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">relativamente grande era produto, em parte,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de formações eclesiásticas rigorosament<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e homogêneas, crescentemente burocráticas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">no Ocidente medieval, e em parte de uma homogeneidade quase completa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da estrutura social, a qual, por sua vez, representa uma repercussão e transformação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da primitiva unidade política, sendo ambos os fatores manife<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">stações de</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma estereotipagem cultural ligada </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tradição que favorecia o Estado de equilíbrio</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pouco estável. Ambos constituíam um fundamento tão firme que até grandiosas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tentativas de expansão, como as Cruzadas, apesar da ausência de uma intensa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">unidade política, podiam ser realizadas, por assim dizer, como "empreendimentos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">privados", cujo fracasso e decurso, politicamente muitas vezes irracionais, se</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">deviam, no entanto, </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">falta de um poder político homogêneo e intensivo para</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">apoiá-las. Sem dúvida<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> alguma, os germes da formação de Estados intensiva e</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"moderna", na Idade Média, não apenas costumavam aparecer acompanhados</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pelo desenvolvimento de complexos burocráticos, como foram também os complexos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">políticos burocraticamente mais desenvolvidos que de<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">struíram, finalmente,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aqueles conglomerados baseados, essencialmente, num Estado de equilíbrio</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pouco estável.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A decadência do Império Romano da Antiguidade foi até parcialmente </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">condicionada</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pela burocratização de seu aparato militar e administrativo: esta <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">somente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">podia ser realizada mediante a introdução simultânea de um método de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">distribuição dos gravames estatais que conduziu a uma crescente importância</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">relativa da economia não-monetária. Sempre contribuem, portanto, componentes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">individuais. Também o fato<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> de que a "intensidade" da ação estatal, para fora e</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">para dentro, tratando-se exteriormente da força expansiva, e internamente da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">influência estatal sobre a cultura, encontrava-se em relação direta com o grau de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocratização; tal fato pode ser considerad<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o, quanto </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">primeira situação, somente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o "normal", mas não uma regra sem exceção, pois dois dos complexos políticos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mais expansivos - o Império Romano e o Império Britânico - baseavam-se,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">precisamente em seu período mais expansivo, apenas em pequena parte <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">num</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fundamento burocrático. O Estado normando na Inglaterra realizou ali uma rigorosa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">organização com fundamento na hierarquia feudal. Mas recebeu sua unidade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e força, em alto grau, da burocratização extraordinariamente rigorosa, em comparação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a outras for<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mações políticas da época feudal, da contabilidade real</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(exchequer). </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O fato de que o Estado inglês, a seguir, não participou do desenvolvimento</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">continental em direção ao burocratismo, mas manteve o sistema de administração</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">devia-se, bem como a administração republicana de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Roma, ao lado da ausência (relativa) do caráter continental, a outras condições</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">também individuais, cuja importância vai diminuindo na Inglaterra atual. Uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dessas condições é o caráter dispensável de um exército </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">permanente </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tão grande</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quanto é necessário, com igual tendência de expansão, para o Estado continental</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">com suas fronteiras. Por isso, intensificou-se em Roma a burocratização com a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">210 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">transf<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ormação de império litorâneo em império continental. De resto, a vantagem</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">técnica de um aparato burocrático (precisão e harmonia do funcionamento) era</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">substituída na estrutura de dominação romana, no tocante à administração, sobretudo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à administração reali<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">zada fora do perímetro urbano, pelo caráter rigorosamente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">militar dos poderes magistráticos, desconhecido nesta forma entre todos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">os demais povos, e a continuidade estava garantida pela posição, também singular,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do Senado. E outra condição, que não devemos<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> esquecer, deste caráter dispensável</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da burocracia era, tanto ali quanto na Inglaterra, a circunstância de que</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o poder público "minimizava", progressivamente, para </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dentro, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o âmbito de suas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">funções, isto é, limitava-o àquilo que exigia diretamente a "razão <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de Estado",</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como tal. Geralmente, os poderes públicos continentais do início da Época Moderna</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">concentravam-se, no entanto,' nas mãos daqueles príncipes que com menos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">escrúpulos seguiam o caminho da burocratização da administração. É óbvio</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que o grande Esta<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do moderno depende tecnicamente, com o decorrer do tempo,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cada vez mais, de uma base burocrática, e isto tanto mais quanto maior é sua extensão,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">particularmente quando é uma grande potência ou está a caminho de sê-lo.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O caráter de um Estado não-burocrático<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">, pelo menos não no pleno sentido</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">técnico, que ainda conservam os Estados Unidos, vem inevitavelmente a ser</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">substituído, também formalmente, pela estrutura burocrática, ao aumentarem os</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">possíveis focos de conflitos exteriores e ao tornar-se cada vez mais u<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rgente a</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">necessidade de uma administração homogênea no interior. Do ponto de vista</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">material, a forma parcialmente não-burocrática da estrutura do Estado está ali compensada</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por uma estrutura burocrática muito rigorosa das formações que exercem,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de fato, a <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dominação política: os partidos, sob a liderança de especialistas profissionais</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na tática organizacional e eleitoral. O exemplo mais evidente da importância do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">puramente quantitativo como alavanca da burocratização de formações sociais é precisamente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a organização crescentemente burocrática de todos os autênticos partidos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de massas, aos quais pertencem, entre nós, sobretudo a social-democracia e, no</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">exterior, em maior escala, os dois partidos "históricos" americanos.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">3) Mais do que a ampliação extensiv<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a e quantitativa da esfera de tarefas da</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administração, porém, sua ampliação intensiva e </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">qualitativa </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e seu desenvolvimento</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">interno dão origem a uma burocratização. A direção em que se realiza este desenvolvimento</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e sua razão podem ser muito diversas. No pa<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ís mais antigo com administração</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estatal burocrática, o Egito, foi a inevitabilidade técnico-económica de uma regulamentação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pela economia pública do provimento de água para todo o país, atuando</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a partir do governo, que criou o mecanismo de escribas e func<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ionários, o qual encontrou,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">então, sua segunda grande esfera de ação, já muito cedo, nas extraordinárias</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">atividades de construção, militarmente organizadas. Na maioria das vezes, como</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">já mencionamos, atuaram no sentido da burocratização necessidades que su<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rgiram</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">devido à criação de exércitos permanentes, condicionada pela situação </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">política </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">poder, e ao correspondente desenvolvimento da administração financeira. No Estado</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">moderno, atuam, no mesmo sentido, além disso, as exigências crescentes dirigidas à</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ad<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ministração, condicionadas pela complexidade cada vez maior da cultura. Enquanto</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">encontramos, também e precisamente, nos Estados com dominação de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(Roma, Inglaterra, Veneza) consideráveis expansões exteriores, especialmente ultramarinas,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a "int<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ensidade" da administração, isto é, a adoção do maior número possível</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA E SOCIEDADE </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">211</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de tarefas para serem tratadas e resolvidas na </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">empresa própria </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do Estado, está relativamente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">muito pouco desenvolvida - como veremos noutra ocasião - nos grandes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estados de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">particularmente em Roma e na Inglaterra, em comparação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aos estados burocráticos. Isto significa: em ambos os casos, a </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estrutura </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do poder</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">público influenciou fortemente a cultura. Mas isto ocorreu relativamente pouco na</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">forma de em<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">presas e controle estatais. Isto se aplica a muitas áreas, desde a justiça até</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a educação. As exigências culturais crescentes, por sua vez, estão condicionadas,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ainda que em grau diverso, pelo desenvolvimento da riqueza das camadas mais influentes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">no Estado. Neste sentido, a burocratização progressiva é uma função da propriedade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">crescentemente disponível para o </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">consumo </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e empregada neste e de uma técnica</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cada vez mais refinada, correspondente às possibilidades assim criadas, do estilo de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vida. Quanto<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> à repercussão na situação geral de necessidades, isto condiciona a crescente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">indispensabilidade subjetiva de uma previdência interlocal e organizada em</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">economia pública, isto é: burocrática, para as mais diversas necessidades da vida, que</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">antigamente eram<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> desconhecidas ou satisfeitas localmente ou pela economia privada.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Dos fatores puramente políticos, atua com intensidade especial em direção à</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocratização a crescente necessidade de ordem e proteção ("polícia") em todas as</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">áreas, por parte de uma socied<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ade acostumada com uma pacificação firme e absoluta.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Um caminho contínuo conduz a influência puramente sacra ou arbitral dos conflitos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sangrentos, que coloca a garantia de justiça e segurança totalmente nas mãos dos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">membros do clã, com seu dever de apoio a<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o juramento e de vingança, até a posição</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">atual do policial, como "representante de Deus na terra". Dos outros fatores, atuam,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em primeiro lugar, as múltiplas tarefas ditas "político-sociais", que são, em parte, impostas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ao Estado moderno pelos interessados<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">, em parte, por ele usurpadas, seja por</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">motivos políticos de poder, seja por motivos ideológicos. Estas estão, em alto grau,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">natural e economicamente condicionadas. Dos fatores essencialmente técnicos, por</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fim, cabe mencionar os meios de comunicação e tran<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sporte especificamente modernos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(vias terrestres e fluviais, ferrovias, telégrafos, etc.) a serem administrados em</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">economia pública, em parte por necessidade, em parte por conveniência técnica,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como precursores da burocratização. Estes fatores desempenham,<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> hoje, neste processo,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">muitas vezes, um papel semelhante àquele das canais da Mesopotâmia e da regulação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do Nilo, no antigo Oriente. Por outro lado, o grau de desenvolvimento dos meios de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">comunicação e transporte constitui, para a possibilidade de uma admi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nistração burocrática,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma condição de importância decisiva, ainda que não seja a única. No Egito,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sem a via natural do Nilo, a centralização burocrática, na base de uma economia quase</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">puramente não-monetária, jamais poderia ter alcançado o grau que, de fato, alcançou.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Na Pérsia moderna, confiou-se oficialmente aos funcionários de telégrafos a informação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do xá sobre todos os acontecimentos nas províncias, passando-se por cima das</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">autorid<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ades locais, e concedeu-se a todo mundo o direito de queixar-se diretamente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por telégrafo, para fomentar a centralização burocrática. O Estado moderno do Ocidente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">somente pode ser administrado na forma em que isto efetivamente acontece,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">porque domina a red<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e telegráfica, e os correios e as ferrovias estão à sua disposição.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Estes, por sua vez, estão intimamente ligados ao desenvolvimento de um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">grande tráfico interlocal de bens, o qual vem, assim, a figurar entre os fenômenos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">concomitantes causais na formação <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos Estados modernos. Mas, como já vimos,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">isto não se aplica a todos os casos do passado.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">212 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">4) A razão decisiva do avanço da organização burocrática sempre foi sua</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">superioridade puramente </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">técnica </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sobre qualquer outra forma. A relação entre um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">m<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ecanismo burocrático plenamente desenvolvido e as outras formas é análoga à</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">relação entre uma máquina e os métodos não-mecânicos de produção de bens.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Precisão, rapidez, univocidade, conhecimento da documentação, continuidade,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">discrição, uniformidade, subor<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dinação rigorosa, diminuição de atritos e custos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">materiais e pessoais alcançam o ótimo numa administração rigorosamente burocrática</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(especialmente monocrática) exercida por funcionários individuais treinados,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em comparação a todas as formas colegiais ou ex<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ercidas como atividade</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honorária ou acessória. Quando se trata de tarefas complexas, o trabalho burocrático</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">remunerado não apenas é mais preciso, como também muitas vezes mais</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">barato no resultado final do que o formalmente não-remunerado, honorário.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A ativ<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">idade honorária é uma atividade acessória, por isso funciona, em regra,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mais devagar, está menos vinculada a esquemas e é menos formal e, portanto,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">menos precisa, menos uniforme, por depender menos das autoridades superiores,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">é menos contínua e, em conseqü<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ência da instalação e do aproveitamento</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quase inevitavelmente pouco econômicos do aparato de funcionários subalternos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e meios técnicos, muitas vezes, de fato, muito cara. Isto se aplica, sobretudo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quando se pensa não apenas nos gastos efetivos do erário - que certamente são</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">muito mais altos na administração burocrática, especialmente em comparação à</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administração não-remunerada exercida por </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">-, </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mas sim nos freqüentes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">prejuízos econômicos<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> dos dominados, por perda de tempo e falta de</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">precisão. A possibilidade de uma administração permanente não-remunerada,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">exercida por </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">existe, em regra, somente onde as funções podem ser</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">satisfatoriamente exercidas como "atividade acessória". A<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">lcança seus limites com</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a intensificação qualitativa das tarefas enfrentadas pela administração - hoje</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">também na Inglaterra. O trabalho organizado em forma colegial, por outro lado,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">condiciona atritos e retardações, compromissos entre opiniões e interesses<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> contrários,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">realizando-se, portanto, com menos precisão e menos dependência de autoridades</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">superiores e, por isso, de maneira menos uniforme e mais devagar. Todos os</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">progressos da organização administrativa prussiana têm sido, e serão também no</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">futuro, pr<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ogressos do princípio burocrático, especialmente do monocrático.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A exigência da realização mais rápida possível das tarefas oficiais, além de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">inequívoca e contínua, é atualmente dirigida à administração, em primeiro lugar,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pela economia capitalista moderna<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">. As modernas empresas capitalistas de grande</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">porte são elas mesmas, em regra, modelos inigualados de uma rigorosa organização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocrática. Suas relações comerciais baseiam-se, sem </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">exceção, </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em crescente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">precisão, continuidade e, sobretudo, rapidez das oper<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ações. Isto está condicionado,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por sua vez, pela natureza peculiar dos modernos meios de transporte e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">comunicação, dos quais faz parte, entre outras coisas, o serviço de informações</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da imprensa. A aceleração extraordinária na transmissão de comunicados púb<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">licos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de fatos econômicos ou puramente políticos exerce, como tal, uma forte</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pressão contínua em direção à maior </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aceleração </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">possível do tempo de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">reação </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administração diante das situações dadas em cada momento, e o ótimo, neste</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sentido, pode somente ser <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">alcançado, em regra, por uma organização burocrática</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rigorosa. (A circunstância de que o aparato burocrático pode também produzir, e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMI1\ E SOClED1\DE </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">213</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de fato produz, certos obstáculos que impedem uma resolução adequada do caso</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">individual não pode ser tratada neste lugar.) Sobretudo, porém, a burocratização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">oferece o ótimo de possibilidade para realizar o princípio da repartição do trabalho</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administrativo segundo aspectos puramente objetivos, distribuindo-se as tarefas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">especiais <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">entre funcionários especializados, e que cada vez mais se aprimoram</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na prática contínua. A resolução "objetiva" significa, neste caso, em primeiro</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">lugar, a resolução sem considerações pessoais, segundo </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">regras calculáveis. </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Mas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"sem considerações pessoais" é também o lema do "mercado" e de toda perseguição</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de interesses puramente econômicos, em geral. A realização conseqüente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da dominação burocrática significa o nivelamento da "honra" estamental e, portanto,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quando não se restrin<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ge ao mesmo tempo o princípio da liberdade de</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mercado, a dominação universal da "situação de classe". Se esta conseqüência da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dominação burocrática não se deu por toda parte paralelamente ao grau de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocratização, isto se deve à diversidade dos possíveis <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">princípios que determinam</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a cobertura das necessidades nas comunidades políticas. Mas também para a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocracia moderna, o segundo elemento, as "regras calculáveis", tem importância</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">predominante. A peculiaridade da cultura moderna, especialmente a de sua</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ba<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">se técnico-econômica, exige precisamente esta "calculabilidade" do resultado.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A burocracia em seu desenvolvimento pleno encontra-se, também, num sentido</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">específico, sob o princípio </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sine ira ac studio. </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Ela desenvolve sua peculiaridade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">específica, bem-vinda <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ao capitalismo, com tanto maior perfeição quanto mais se</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"desumaniza", vale dizer, quanto mais perfeitamente consegue realizar aquela</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">qualidade específica que é louvada como sua virtude: a eliminação do amor, do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ódio e de todos os elementos sentimentais, p<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uramente pessoais e, de modo geral,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">irracionais, que se subtraem ao cálculo, na execução das tarefas oficiais. Em vez</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do senhor das ordens mais antigas, movido por simpatia pessoal, favor, graça e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">gratidão, a cultura moderna exige para o aparato externo em<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> que se apóia o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">especialista </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">não-envolvido pessoalmente e, por isso, rigorosamente "objetivo", e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">isto tanto mais quanto mais ela se complica e especializa. E tudo isto a estrutura</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocrática o<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ferece numa combinação favorável. Sobretudo é só ela que costuma</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">criar para a </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">jurisdição </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o fundamento ·para a realização de um </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">direito</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">conceitualmente sistematizado e racional, na base de "leis", tal como o criou,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pela primeira vez, com alta perfeição técn<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ica, a época imperial romana tardia.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Na Idade Média, a adoção deste direito realizou-se junto com a burocratização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da justiça: a penetração dos especialistas racionalmente treinados no lugar da antiga</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aplicação do direito, ligada à tradição ou a pressupost<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">os irracionais.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Como forma oposta à aplicação "racional" do direito, na base de conceitos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">jurídicos estritamente formais, temos uma aplicação do direito que, em primeiro</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">lugar, se vincula a tradições sagradas e que resolve o caso concreto que não pode</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ser <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">decidido claramente a partir desta fonte ou mediante uma "revelação" concreta</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(oráculo, sentenças proféticas ou juízo divino - justiça "carismática") ou - e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">somente estes casos nos interessam aqui - </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">1) </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de modo não-formal, segundo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">concretos juízos valorativ<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">os éticos ou de outro modo práticos: "justiça de cádi"</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(como R. Schmidt a chamou acertadamente) ou 2) de modo formal, mas não pela</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">subordinação a conceitos racionais, e sim por recorrer a "analogias" e apoiar-se</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em "precedentes judiciais" </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">concretos, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">interp<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">retando-os: "justiça empírica". A justiça</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">214 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cá</span></span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">di </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">não conhece nenhum "considerando"; a justiça ernpmca, em seu tipo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">puro, não conhece o "considerando" racional em nosso sentido. O caráter valorativo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">concreto da justiça de cádi pode chegar até<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> a ruptura profética com toda tradição,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a justiça empírica, por sua vez, pode ser sublimada e racionalizada até se tornar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma arte. Já que as formas de dominação não-burocráticas - como será exposto</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">noutro lugar - apresentam uma coexistência peculiar de um<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a esfera rigorosamente</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vinculada à tradição, por um lado, e de livre-arbítrio e graça, por outro,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">são muito freqüentes formas combinadas e intermédias entre os dois princípios.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Na Inglaterra, por exemplo - como descreve de forma plástica Mendelssohn -,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uma<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> ampla camada inferior da justiça é, ainda hoje, quanto às práticas, "justiça de</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cádi", em um grau que dificilmente pode ser imaginado no continente. Nossa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">justiça de jurados, que exclui a indicação das razões do veredicto, funciona, na</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">prática, como se sabe, muitas vezes da mesma maneira - e de modo geral, aliás,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">deve-se ter muito cuidado com a crença de que princípios jurídicos "democráticos"</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sejam idênticos a uma aplicação "racional" (no sentido de formal) do direito.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Muito ao contrári<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o, como será exposto noutro lugar. Por outro lado, a justiça</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">inglesa (e a americana) dos grandes tribunais centrais continua sendo, em alto</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">grau, justiça empírica, especialmente justiça baseada em precedentes. A razão do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fracasso de todas as tentativas rac<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ionais de codificação e também da adoção do</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">direito romano encontrava-se, na Inglaterra, na resistência eficaz das grandes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">corporações de advogados, uniformemente organizadas, uma camada de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">monopolizadora, de cujo meio se recrutavam os juízes <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos grandes</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tribunais. Mantinham em suas mãos a educação jurídica - à maneira de uma arte</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">empírica de alto nível técnico - e lutavam, com êxito, contra os esforços por</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estabelecer um direito racional, que ameaçavam sua posição social e material e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">partiam, <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sobretudo, dos tribunais eclesiásticos e também, temporariamente, das</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">universidades. A luta dos advogados da </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">common law </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contra o direito romano e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">eclesiástico e contra a posição poderosa da igreja em geral tinha neste processo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em grande parte, causas econ<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ômicas: seu interesse em emolumentos, o que revela</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">claramente a forma das intervenções do rei nesta luta. Mas sua posição poderosa,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que saiu vitoriosa desta luta, estava condicionada pela centralização política.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Na Alemanha faltava, sobretudo por razões po<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">líticas, um estamento de </span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">socialmente poderosos que, à maneira dos advogados ingleses, poderia ter sido</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">portador de um exercício nacional do direito, elevando o direito nacional ao</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nível de uma arte com ensino regulamentado e opondo resistência<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> à penetração</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da instrução tecnicamente superior dos juristas formados no direito romano. Não</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">foi a melhor adaptação do direito romano </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">material </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">às necessidades do capitalismo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nascente que decidiu, neste caso, sua vitória - pois quase todas as instituições</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">jurídicas específicas do capitalismo moderno são alheias ao direito romano</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e de origem medieval. Foi, ao contrário, sua </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">forma </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">racional e, sobretudo, a necessidade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">técnica de colocar nas mãos de especialistas racionalmente instruídos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(e isto significa: formados nas universidades no direito romano) a realização dos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">processos judiciais, em face do procedimento probatório racional exigido pelos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">casos concretos cada vez mais complexos e pela economia crescentemente racionalizada,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em lugar <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da primitiva averiguação da verdade, universalmente existente,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mediante revelação concreta ou fiança sacra. Esta situação estava naturalmente,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA E SOCIEDADE </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">215</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em alto grau, condicionada, entre outras coisas, pela estrutura transformada dá</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">economia<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">. Mas este fator atuava por toda parte, também na Inglaterra, onde o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">poder real introduziu o procedimento probatório racional sobretudo em favor</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos comerciantes. A razão principal da diferença, que, não obstante, existia no</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">desenvolvimento do direito mate<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rial entre a Inglaterra e a Alemanha, como já</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">resulta disto, não se encontra nesta circunstância, mas tem sua origem na legalidade</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">intrínseca do desenvolvimento das estruturas de dominação dos dois países:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na Inglaterra, uma justiça centralizada e ao mesmo<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> tempo dominação de</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores; </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na Alemanha, ausência de centralização política e ao mesmo tempo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocratização. O país que primeiro alcançou na Época Moderna um capitalismo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">intensamente desenvolvido, a Inglaterra, conservou, por isso, uma justiça menos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">racional e menos burocrática. O capitalismo na Inglaterra, porém, podia facilmente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">aceitar esta situação sobretudo porque a natureza da organização judicial e do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">procedimento processual equivalia, de fato, até a Época Moderna, a uma negação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quase total de <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">justiça aos economicamente fracos. Este fato e a forma demorada e</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dispendiosa da transferência de bens de raiz, também condicionada por interesses</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">econôrnicos dos advogados, influenciaram profundamente, por outro lado, a organização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">agrária da Inglaterra, <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em favor da acumulação e imobilização das terras.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A aplicação de direito </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">romana, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por sua vez, era na época da República uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mistura peculiar de elementos racionais, empíricos e até de justiça de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cádi.</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A nomeação dos jurados, como tal, e as </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">actiones in jact<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">um </span></span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do pretor, inicialmente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sem dúvida concedidas "caso por caso", continham um elemento do último</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tipo. A "jurisprudência cautelar" e tudo que procedeu dela, inclusive uma parte</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da prática dos juristas clássicos de inquirir os respondentes, tinham caráter</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"empírico". A mudança decisiva do pensamento jurídico em direção ao racional</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">foi pela primeira vez preparada pela forma técnica da instrução processual, mediante</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">as fórmulas baseadas em conceitos jurídicos do edito pretório. (Hoje, sob o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">domínio do princíp<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">io de substantificação, em que é decisiva a apresentação dos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fatos, e sem importância o ponto de vista jurídico que faz parecer justificada a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">queixa, falta a obrigação de elaborar, de forma formalmente inequívoca, o alcance</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos conceitos, tal como a produz<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">iu a elevada cultura técnica do direito romano.)</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Neste sentido, portanto, interferiam no desenvolvimento fatores essencialmente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ligados à técnica processual que resultavam, apenas indiretamente, da estrutura</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do Estado. Mas a racionalização do direito roman<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o, como sistema conceituai</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">completo e cientificamente aplicável - racionalização que distingue este direito</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de todos os produtos do Oriente e também do helenismo - tornou-se perfeita</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">somente na época da burocratização do Estado.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Um exemplo de justiça empír<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ica, vinculada à tradição e não-racional, porém</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"racionalista", é dado pelas "respostas" dos rabinos no </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Ta/mud. </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Pura "justiça de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">câdi", </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vinculada à tradição, é todo veredicto profético, segundo o esquema: "está</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">escrito, mas eu vos digo". Quanto mais acentu<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ado o caráter religioso da posição</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cádi </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(ou do juiz do mesmo tipo), tanto maior a liberdade com que são julgados,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sem regras compromissórias, os casos concretos dentro da esfera desvinculada</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da tradição sagrada. O fato de que, por exemplo, o tribunal re<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ligioso de Túnis</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(chara) </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">decidia sobre bens de raiz segundo seu "livre-arbítrio" - como diz o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">europeu - constituía, durante uma geração após a ocupação francesa, um obstáculo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">216 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sensível para o desenvolvimento do capitalismo. O fundamento sociol<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ógico daqueles</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tipos mais antigos de justiça, na estrutura de dominação, será examinado</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">noutro contexto.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Sem dúvida, é certo que a "objetividade" e a "perfeição técnica" não são</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">necessariamente idênticas ao domínio da norma generalizante. Isto nem é o caso</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na esfera da aplicação do direito modema. A idéia de um direito sem lacunas, como</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">se sabe, é em princípio muito discutida, e a concepção do juiz moderno como um</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">autómato, em que se enfia em cima a documentação mais o custo para que solte</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em baixo a senten<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ça junto com os considerandos mecanicamente obtidos de</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">parágrafos, é energicamente repudiada - talvez precisamente porque certa aproximação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a este tipo, como tal, estaria entre as conseqüências da burocratização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do direito. Também na esfera da aplicação do<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> direito há áreas em que o legislador</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">diretamente exige do juiz burocrático uma aplicação do direito</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"individualizante". E precisamente na esfera da autêntica atividade administrativa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">- isto é, para toda atividade estatal que não cai na área da criação e a<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">plicação do</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">direito - costuma-se exigir a liberdade e o domínio do individual, diante dos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quais as normas gerais desempenham um papel predominantemente negativo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como limites da positiva atividade "criativa" do funcionário, que jamais deve ser</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">regulamentad<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a. O alcance desta tese fica aqui em suspenso. O decisivo seria que</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">esta administração "livremente" criadora (e também, eventualmente, a jurisdição)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">não constituiria, como o encontramos nas formas pré-burocráticas, um reino de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">livre-arbítrio </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e graça, de avaliação e favores </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pessoalmente </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">motivados, mas que,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como norma do comportamento, existam sempre o domínio e a ponderação racional</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de fins "objetivos" e a entrega a estes.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Especialmente na esfera da administração estatal, aqueles que mais exalt<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">am</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a decisão "criativa" do funcionário consideram a idéia, especificamente moderna</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e rigorosamente "objetiva", da "razão de Estado" a suprema e última estrela</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">condutora do comportamento deste.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Inseparavelmente fundidos com a canonização desta idéia abstrat<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a e "objetiva"</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estão naturalmente, sobretudo, os instintos infalíveis da burocracia para as</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">condições da conservação de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">seu </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">poder dentro do Estado próprio Ce, por intermédio</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dele, diante de outros Estados). Em última instância, são quase sempre</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estes interesses de poder próprios que dão àquele ideal, que por si é de modo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">algum inequívoco, um conteúdo concretamente aplicável e decidem em casos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">duvidosos. Não cabe expor neste lugar os detalhes deste assunto. O decisivo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">para nós é que, em princípio,<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> atrás de todo ato de uma autêntica administração</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocrática encontra-se um sistema de "razões" racionalmente discutíveis, isto é,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a subsunção a normas ou a ponderação de fins e meios.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Também aqui a posição adotada por toda tendência "democrática", isto é<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">neste caso, por toda tendência que pretende "minimizar" a "dominação", está</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">necessariamente dividida. A "igualdade" jurídica e a exigência de garantias jurídicas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contra a arbitrariedade requerem a "objetividade" racional </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">formal </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da administração,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em oposi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ção ao livre-arbítrio e à graça da antiga dominação patrimonial.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Mas, quando o </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">etbos, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">com seus postulados de justiça </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">material, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">orientados para o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">caso concreto e a pessoa concreta, domina num caso singular as massas - e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">queremos abstrair de outros instintos<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> -, colide inevitavelmente com o formalismo</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA E SOCIEDADE </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">217</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e a fria objetividade, ligada a regras, da administração burocrática e, por esta</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">razão, tem que repudiar emocionalmente o que racionalmente exigiu.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Particularmente para as massas não-poss<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">uidoras, a "igualdade jurídica" formal</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e a aplicação do direito e administração "calculáveis", tais como as exigem os</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">interesses "burgueses", não trazem vantagem alguma. Para elas, como é natural, o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">direito e a administração têm que estar a serviço do nive<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">lamento das oportunidades</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de vida económicas e sociais diante dos possuidores, e esta função eles</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">apenas podem exercer quando adotam, em grande parte, um caráter informal (de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">justiça de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">câdi ), </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">devido a seu conteúdo "ético". Não apenas toda forma de "justi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ça</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">popular" - que não costuma preocupar-se com </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">razões </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e "normas" racionais</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">-, como também toda forma de influência intensa da administração pela chamada</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"opinião pública", isto é, nas condições da democracia de massas, por uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ação social nascida de "senti<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mentos" irracionais e, em regra, encenada ou dirigida</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">por chefes de partidos e pela imprensa, malogram o decurso racional da justiça e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da administração no mesmo grau ou até em grau muito mais alto que o podia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">fazer a "justiça de gabinete" de um soberano "absoluto".</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">5) A estrutura burocrática está acompanhada pela </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">concentração dos meios</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de serviço materiais </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nas mãos do senhor. Assim ocorre, na forma típica conhecida,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">no desenvolvimento das grandes empresas capit<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">alistas privadas, que têm nisto</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sua característica essencial. Mas temos um processo correspondente também</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nas comunidades públicas. O exército burocraticamente dirigido dos faraós, da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">época tardia da república romana e do principado e, sobretudo, o do Esta<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">militar moderno, diante dos exércitos populares das tribos agrárias, àqueles das</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">cidades da Antiguidade e às milícias das cidades da alta Idade Média e a todos os</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">exércitos feudais caracteriza-se pelo fato de que nestes últimos o normal é o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">auto-equipam<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ento e o auto-aprovisionamento, enquanto no exército burocrático</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o equipamento e o aprovisionamento se realizam a partir dos armazéns do senhor.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A guerra atual, como guerra de máquinas, faz isto tecnicamente necessário</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de modo tão absoluto quanto o domínio<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> da máquina na indústria fomentou a</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">concentração dos meios de atividade económica.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Ao contrário, os exércitos burocráticos 'do passado, equipados e aprovisionados</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pelo senhor, surgiam quase sempre quando desenvolvimentos sociais ou</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">económicos tinham reduzi<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do absoluta ou relativamente a camada dos cidadãos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">economicamente capazes de equipar-se a si mesmos, de modo que seu número</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">não era suficiente para formar os exércitos necessários. Pelo menos não em termos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">relativos, isto é, proporcionalmente à extensão do<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> poder pretendido pelo</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Estado, pois somente a forma burocrática do exército possibilita a formação de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">exércitos profissionais permanentes, tais como são necessários tanto para a pacificação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">duradoura de Estados extensos quanto para a guerra contra inimigos<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> distantes,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">particularmente a ultramarina. Também a disciplina militar e a instrução</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">técnica específicas somente são capazes, em regra, de desenvolver-se plenamente,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pelo menos no grau exigido pelos tempos modernos, no exército burocrático.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Historicamente,<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> a burocratização do exército realizou-se, por toda parte,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">paralelamente à extensão do serviço militar aos não-possuidores, pois até então</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">constituíra um privilégio honorífico dos possuidores (àqueles do próprio país,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como nos<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> exércitos dos generais romanos da época republicana tardia e da im</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">218</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">perial e nos exércitos modernos até o século XIX, ou de outros países, como nos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">exércitos mercenários de todos os tempos). Ao lado do crescente aumento</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da população e da inten<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sidade e alcance da atividade económica - que condiciona</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a crescente "indispensabilidade" das camadas aquisitivas para os fins da guerra -,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">concorre em tal processo o aumento da cultura material e intelectual. Abstraindo-se</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos períodos de forte entusiasmo<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> ideológico, costuma ser fraca, nas camadas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">possuidoras, de cultura refinada, especialmente a urbana, além da aptidão,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">também a inclinação a realizar o serviço grosseiro do soldado raso; e a inclinação</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">profissão de oficial e a qualificação correspondente<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">, em circunstâncias de resto</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">iguais, costumam ser mais próprias das camadas possuidoras rurais. Somente onde</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a crescente possibilidade do emprego de máquinas na guerra exige dos líderes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">qualidades de "técnico" é que se equilibra esta situação. A burocratiz<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ação das</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">atividades militares pode basear-se no capitalismo privado, como qualquer</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">indústria. O recrutamento e a administração do exército em regime de capitalismo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">privado, em formas muito diversas, constituíam a regra nos exércitos mercenários,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">particular<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mente nos ocidentais, até o início do século XIX. Na Guerra dos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">30 anos, na província de Brandemburgo, o próprio soldado era quase sempre</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">proprietário dos meios materiais de seu ofício - armas, cavalos, roupas -, ainda</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que o Estado, como "empresário", por <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">assim dizer, já os fornecesse. Mais tarde,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">no exército permanente da Prússia, o chefe-de-companhia era proprietário</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">daqueles meios bélicos materiais, e somente desde a paz de Tilsit existe, definitivamente,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a concentração dos meios de serviço nas mãos do E<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">stado e, paralelamente,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o uso geral de uniformes, o qual antes - na medida em que o rei não</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"concedia" determinados uniformes a certas unidades militares (primeiro, em 1620,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">guarda de corpo, depois com maior freqüência sob Frederico II) - dependia,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em grande parte, do parecer do chefe-de-regimento. Conceitos como, por exemplo,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"regimento", por um lado, e "batalhão", por outro, tinham, por isso, ainda no</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">século XVII, regularmente significados muito diversos: somente no</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">último era uma unidade tática (o<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> que hoje são ambos); o primeiro, ao contrário,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">era uma unidade de empresa económica criada pela posição de "empresário"</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">do comandante.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Empreendimentos bélicos marítimos oficiosos (como as </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">maonae </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">genovesas)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e o recrutamento de exércitos figuram entre os pr<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">imeiros "empreendimentos gigantescos"</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">capitalistas privados com estrutura, em grande parte, burocrática. Sua</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"estatização" encontra um paralelo moderno naquela das ferrovias (controladas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">desde o início pelo Estado).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Do mesmo modo está, em outras esferas, a<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> burocratização da administração,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">acompanhada pela concentração dos meios de serviço. A antiga administração de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sátrapas e governadores bem como a administração realizada por arrendatários</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ou compradores de cargos e, no grau mais alto, a de vassalos descen<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">tralizam</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">os meios de serviço materiais: as necessidades locais da província, inclusive o</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">custo do exército e dos funcionários subalternos, são regularmente cobertas, primeiro,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a partir das receitas locais, e somente o excedente chega à caixa central.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O vas<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">salo encarregado realiza sua administração com recursos próprios. O Estado</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocrático, ao contrário, reúne o custo total da administração estatal em seu</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ECONOMIA E SOCIEDADE </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">219</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">orçamento e abastece as instâncias inferiores com os meios de serviço corrent<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">es,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">regulamentando e controlando seu emprego. Para o caráter "econômico" da administração,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">isto significa o mesmo que a grande empresa capitalista centralizada.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Também na área da pesquisa e do ensino científicos, a burocratização nos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">"institutos" das unive<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rsidades que hoje existem por toda parte (e cujo primeiro exemplo,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em escala de grande empresa, foi o laboratório de Liebig, em Giessen) é uma</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">função da necessidade crescente de meios de serviço materiais, situação que, devido</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">à concentração destes meios n<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">as mãos do dirigente privilegiado pelo Estado, separa</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a grande maioria dos pesquisadores e docentes de seus "meios de produção", do</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mesmo modo que a empresa capitalista separa os trabalhadores dos seus.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Se, apesar de toda esta indubitável superioridade técnica da burocracia,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">esta tem sido por toda parte um produto relativamente tardio do desenvolvimento,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contribuiu para isto, em primeiro lugar, uma série de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">obstáculos </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">so</span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">desapareceram definitivam<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ente em determinadas condições sociais e políticas.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">A organização burocrática impôs-se regularmente:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">6) Na base de um </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nivelamento, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pelo menos relativo, das </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">diferenças econômicas</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e sociais, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na medida em que têm importância para a ocupação de cargos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">administ<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rativos. </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">É </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sobretudo um fenômeno concomitante inevitável da moderna</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">democracia de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">massas, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">em oposição à auto-administração democrática de pequenas</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">unidades homogêneas. Em primeiro lugar, este já é o caso, em virtude de seu</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">princípio característico: a vinculação a regras abstratas do exercício da dominação,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">pois esta resulta da exigência de "igualdade jurídica" no sentido pessoal e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">objetivo, isto é, da condenação do "privilégio" e do repúdio, por princípio, da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">resolução de pr<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">oblemas "caso por caso". Mas resulta também dos pressupostos</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sociais de seu surgimento. Toda administração não-burocrática de formações </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">so</span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ciais</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quantitativamente grandes fundamenta-se, de alguma forma, no fato de que</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">se vinculam funções ou deveres administ<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">rativos a privilégios sociais, materiais ou</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoríficos já existentes. Isto tem regularmente a conseqüência de que a exploração</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">direta ou indiretamente econômica ou também a "social" da posição que</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">todo tipo de atividade administrativa concede àqueles que <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a realizam representa</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">a remuneração pelo exercício da função. Dentro da administração estatal, a</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocratização e a democratização significam, por isso, apesar de seu caráter</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">geralmente mais "econômico" em comparação àquelas outras formas, um aumento</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">das d<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">espesas </span></span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">efetivas </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos erários públicos. No Leste da Prússia, a delegação de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">quase toda a administração local e da judicatura inferior aos latifundiários constituía,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">até os tempos mais recentes, a forma mais barata - pelo menos do ponto de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">vista financeiro d<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">o Estado - de satisfazer as necessidades administrativas.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">O mesmo se aplica à atividade dos juízes de paz na Inglaterra. A democracia de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">massas que acaba com os privilégios feudais, patrimoniais e - pelo menos pela</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">intenç<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ão - plutocráticos na administração tem que colocar, inevitavelmente, o</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">trabalho profissional remunerado no lugar da tradicional administração de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">realizada como atividade acessória. Isto não se limita às formações</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estatais. Não é nenhum acaso<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> que precisamente os partidos democráticos de massas</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">(na Alemanha, a social-democracia e o grande movimento agrário; na Inglaterra,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">primeiro a democracia do </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">caucus, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">representada por Gladstone e Chamberlain e</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">organizada, desde a década de 1870, a partir de <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Birmingham; nos Estados Unidos,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">220 </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">MAX WEBER</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ambos os partidos, desde a administração de Jackson) se distanciaram mais completamente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">da tradicional dominação de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">- </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que nos antigos partidos</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">conservadores, mas também nos liberais, continua predo<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">minando e se baseia em</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">relações e prestígio pessoais - para organizar-se burocraticamente sob a direção</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de funcionários de partido, de secretários de partido e de sindicatos profissionais,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">etc. Na França, a tentativa de uma organização rigorosa de partidos<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> políticos,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">na base de um sistema eleitoral que a impunha, fracassou repetidas vezes,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">sobretudo, na resistência dos círculos locais de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">contra a democratização</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dos partidos, inevitável a longo prazo, que acabaria com sua influência e se</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">estende<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ria ao país inteiro, pois todo progresso da técnica eleitoral simples, que</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">calcula com números, como, por exemplo (pelo menos nas condições de grandes</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Estados), o sistema eleitoral propórcional, significa uma organização rigorosa,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">interlocal e burocrática <span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">nos partidos e, por isso, um aumento da dominação da</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">burocracia de partido e da disciplina, excluindo-se os círculos de </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">honoratiores</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">locais. Dentro da própria administração estatal, o progresso da burocratização,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">como o fenômeno paralelo da democracia, é p<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">atente na França, na América do</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">Norte e, atualmente, na Inglaterra. Deve-se sempre ter em conta, naturalmente,</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">que o nome "democratização" pode enganar: o </span></span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">demos, </span></span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">no sentido de uma massa</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">não-diferenciada, nunca "administra" nas grandes associaçôes, mas é ad<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">ministrado,</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">mudando somente a forma da seleção dos chefes da administração e a proporção da</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">influência que ele - ou melhor, outros círculos de pessoas, constituídos a partir dele</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">- pode exercer, mediante o efeito da chamada "opinião<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> pública", sobre o conteúdo</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">e o rumo da atividade administrativa. A "democratização" no sentido aqui adotado</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">não significa, necessariamente, um aumento da participação ativa dos dominados na</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">dominação dentro da formação social em questão. Essa pode ser a c<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">onseqüência do</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">processo exposto, mas não precisa sê-lo. Ao contrário, deve-se ter, precisamente</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">neste caso, plena consciência da circunstância de que o conceito político de democracia</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">deduz da "igualdade jurídica" dos dominados os postulados ulteriores: </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">1)<span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-line-through: none;">de</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; te